Reuse of urine

This page in under construction. Meanwhile, see the links under references:

Why reuse urine for food production: my summary

• Motivation for valorising urine
  • stop flushing gold!
    • Energy consumption of water treatment plants, huge investments to maintain sewer system
    • Drinking water to flush toilets: #!!!
  • Same performance as conventional NPK fertiliser
  • Available everywhere
• Risks and advantages, compared to conventional fertilisers
  • Pathogens: major part removed after storage (high pH, NH4+ Temp)
  • Heavy metals: less than in chemical fertilisers and in animal manure
  • Micropollutants (pharmaceutical): yes, there is some risk: some metabolites of medicine may be taken up partially by some plant parts, it's very variable [ref: see Mendeley]. And apart from exceptions, MP aren't degraded simply in anoxic storage [VUNA publication] But in comparision, there's more antibiotica and other medicine found in animal manure, in average in Europe [ref!]
• Source-separation and collection

References

Key resources

• http://akvopedia.org/wiki/Application_of_Stored_Urine
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuse_of_excreta

• http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wastewater/gsuww/en/ WHO (Editor) (2006): Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. Volume IV. Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture. Geneva: World Health Organisation.
• http://www.sswm.info/category/implementation-tools/water-use/hardware/reuse-agriculture/fertigation > see § on urine fertigation

[+ other links from sustainable sanitation]

References used

Many many